In terms of the brain, exercise promotes neurogenesis (the growth of new brain cells), neuroplasticity (the growth of new neuronal connections), but one of the more common effects is mood enhancement. Have you ever noticed that after physical activity you’re in a good or better mood compared to before the activity? This is for various reasons: the brain releases endorphins (natural mood lifters), the production of inflammatory immune cells that could induce depression is prevented, and sleep patterns are improved which helps increase energy and mood.
Many studies have shown that physical activity actually increases the size of the hippocampus and its production of BDNF. The hippocampus is a part of the brain that plays a major role in learning and memory processes. As we age, the hippocampus goes through volume loss which presents itself as declining memory and learning processes. Exercise increases the volume of the hippocampus and production of BDNF. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a well-known growth factor that acts as a mediator in the production of new brain cells and also maintains certain brain functions.